Introduction
As Steve jobs said biggest innovations of 21st century will be at intersection of biology and technology marking beginning of new era, thus we have now the same amalgamation of technology as Artificial Intelligence in dentistry.1
Artificial Intelligence was introduced by John McCarthy back in 1956 during the Dartmouth conference, now commonly called as AI.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. AI leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities of the human mind.3
The history of artificial intelligence pave back to the era when time when the question “Can machines think?” was published. A cold patch in progress of Artificial Intelligence was seen during last three decades of the 20th century.4
Figure 1 : Landscape of the historical timeline of Artificial Intelligence.
AI science is divided into several subfields, including deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML). Machine learning (ML) is a system that can be trained using various models and problem-solving techniques to enable task automation. DL is a subset of ML in which artificial neural networks serve as the foundation for the learning module.In its application, DL offers an exceptional capacity to surpass cutting-edge methods for a variety of tasks, including the analysis and evaluation of data from multiple sources, such as audio, sensors, and visual data. 5
Based on their functionalities and capabilities AI is categoried as type-1 narrow, general, strong and other set as reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind and self awareness.5
Applications of AI in Dentistry
Diagnostic imaging
AI has revolutionized diagnostic imaging by enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of interpreting radiographs in 2 D and 3D and other dental images. Machine learning algorithms can detect and diagnose dental caries, periodontal disease, periapical lesions, and even early signs of oral cancer with high precision.
- Dental Caries Detection: AI systems, using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), can identify dental caries in radiographic images with accuracy comparable to experienced dentists. Lee et al. (2018) demonstrated that AI could achieve a diagnostic accuracy rate of over 90% for detecting caries in bitewing radiographs . 6
- Periodontal Disease Assessment: AI algorithms can evaluate periodontal bone levels from radiographs, aiding in the early diagnosis and management of periodontal diseases. This application enhances the predictability of treatment outcomes.
Predictive Analytics
AI's predictive analytics can forecast the risk of developing dental conditions based on patient data, including medical history, genetic factors, and lifestyle habits. This predictive capability allows for personalized preventive strategies.
- Risk of Caries and Periodontal Diseases: Machine learning models can assess the risk of caries and periodontal diseases, enabling early interventions and preventive care. A study by Schwendicke et al. (2020) showed that AI models could predict caries risk with high accuracy, allowing for tailored preventive measures.7
- Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes: AI can predict the outcomes of orthodontic treatments by analyzing pre-treatment records. This helps in planning more effective and efficient treatment protocols.8
Robotic-Assisted Maxillofacial Surgery
Robotic systems, guided by AI, are being developed for precise and minimally invasive dental surgeries. These systems enhance the maxillofacial surgeon's capabilities, leading to improved patient outcomes.
- Implant Placement: AI-driven robotic systems can assist in dental implant placement with high precision, reducing the risk of complications and improving the success rates of implants.9
- Endodontic Procedures: AI-assisted robotics can perform complex endodontic procedures with greater accuracy and consistency than manual techniques, potentially leading to better patient outcomes.10
Virtual Patient Simulation
AI enables the creation of virtual patient simulations for educational and training purposes. These simulations provide a risk-free environment for dental students and professionals to practice and refine their skills.
- Dental Education: AI-based virtual simulations offer realistic scenarios for dental students to practice various procedures, improving their skills and confidence before treating real patients.11
- Continuing Professional Development: Practicing dentists can use AI simulations for continuing education, staying updated with the latest techniques and technologies in dentistry.12
Benefits of AI in Dentistry
Improved diagnostic accuracy
AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, leading to more precise diagnoses. This reduces the likelihood of human error and ensures early detection and treatment of dental conditions.
Enhanced treatment planning
AI provides detailed insights and predictive analytics, enabling dentists to develop more effective and individualized treatment plans. This personalization improves patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Increased efficiency
Automation of routine tasks through AI reduces the workload on dental professionals, allowing them to focus more on patient care. This leads to improved efficiency and productivity in dental practices.
Better patient experience
With AI, dental treatments become more precise and less invasive, resulting in reduced pain and faster recovery times. Additionally, AI can enhance patient communication and education, helping patients understand their conditions and treatment options better. 13
Challenges and Ethical Considerations
Ethical Concerns
The use of AI raises ethical questions regarding the autonomy of dental professionals and the potential for over-reliance on technology. Ensuring that AI serves as a tool to augment, rather than replace, human expertise is crucial.
Need for standardization
The lack of standardization in AI applications in dentistry can lead to variability in performance and outcomes. Establishing industry standards and guidelines is essential to ensure consistency and reliability. 14
Conclusion
AI has the potential to transform dentistry by improving diagnostic accuracy, enhancing treatment planning, increasing efficiency, and providing a better patient experience. However, addressing challenges related to data privacy, system integration, ethical concerns, and standardization is crucial for the successful implementation of AI in dental practices. Continued research and development, along with collaboration between technology developers and dental professionals, will drive the future of AI in dentistry, leading to more advanced and patient-centered care. Incorporation of artificial wisdom in the current scenario will shape up this agumentation. 15
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